RAN/USN FLEET RADIO UNIT, MELBOURNE - FRUMEL
The joint RAN/USN Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne (FRUMEL), was one of two Allied Sigint organisations in the Southwest Pacific area (SWPA). FRUMEL was subordinate to the Commander of the USN 7th Fleet. The other unit was Central Bureau, which was attached to the HQ of the Allied Commander of the Southwest Pacific area.
Fleet Radio Unit Melbourne (FRUMEL) and the other U.S. Navy units provided signals intelligence information to both Admiral Nimitz as Commander-in-Chief Pacific, General MacArthur as Commander of the Southwest Pacific Area, and Admirals Somerville and Fraser of the British Far Eastern and Pacific Fleets.
"Sigint" is a code name for signal intelligence. Sigint operations were so secret that they were given their own special classification of "Ultra Secret". The word "Ultra" was used as a code name for intelligence derived from interception and decoding of Japanese military and naval messages.
The analytical section for FRUMEL was based in the "Monterey" Apartments in Queens Road, Melbourne, opposite the Albert Park Golf Course and not far from the Albert Park Barracks. The intercept site for FRUMEL was located at Moorabbin, another suburb of Melbourne. Australian couriers delivered traffic from Moorabbin to "Monterey" Apartments by motor cycle every 2 hours. About 90% of the Australian staff were women.
Lieutenant Fabian of the US Navy and his 75-man unit of FRUMEL were based at "Monterey" Apartments. Prior to coming to Australia, Fabian and his US Navy code breakers had moved from Cavite Naval Station to a tunnel on Corregidor after the Japanese started their first attacks in the Philippines. When things became desperate, his unit and 1.5 tons of their equipment were spirited out of the Philippines by a number of submarines.
During the night of 4 February 1942 the submarine USS SEADRAGON made it into Manila Bay and docked at Corregidor. The first party of officers and men embarked. The submarine slipped out in the early morning of 5 February and set forth for Java. The evacuees disembarked at Surabaya on 11 February, and the next day boarded a train for Bandung.
1st GROUP - 4 Feb 1942 | 2nd GROUP - 16 March 1942 | 3rd GROUP - 8 April 1942 |
USS Seadragon | USS Permit | USS Seadragon |
CRM Thomas G. Hoover (250 29 54) | CRM Frank E. Estes |
CRM Antone Novak |
CRM Charles J. Johns (271 86 60) | CRM Wilson L. Mason | CRM Sidney A. Burnett |
CRM Victor L. Long (359 73 78) | CRM Meddie J. Royer | CRM Albert H. Geiken |
RM1 Frank P. Hadley (400 55 37) | CY Rich. M. Blanchard | CRM Charles Jackson, Jr. |
RMC David W. Snyder (336 84 56) | CY Lewis C. Johnson | CRM Joseph L. McConnel |
CY Raymond V. Anderson (400 44 50) | CY Victor J. Knutson | CY John E. Chamberlin * |
CY Jack Y. Kochen (207 08 56) | CM1 Edward Bryan | RM1 Arthur R. Irving |
CY Oscar L. Osborne (328 28 87) | RMI Donald O. Couey |
RM1 David L. King |
RM1 James B. Capron (201 57 69) | RM1 Chas. A. Walters | RM1 Harry G. Sweet |
CPM Arthur D. Groff (258 11 51) | RM1 Albert S. Ware | Y1 John E. Kephart, Jr. |
RM1 Al Monroe, Jr. (355 92 97) | RM1 Duane L. Whitlock | RM1 Gordon O. Carnes |
RM1 Martin H. Smith, Jr. (387 18 93) | Y1 Albert E. Myers, Jr. | RM1 Wesley S. Knowles |
Y2 Howard A. King (360 04 36) | RM1 Kenneth H. Barker | RM2 William A. Rickman |
Y1c Grover W. Taylor (274 25 62) | RM1 Ray L. Hitson | CMM J.W. Lowery |
LCDR Spencer A. Carlson | RM2 Harold V. Jones | Y2 H.R. Gould |
LT Rudolph J. Fabian | RM1 Stephen J. Makervich | CY E.F. Gaghen |
ENS Ray L. Lewis | RM1 Edward Otte | Y1c H.F. Price |
LCDR Gill M. Richardson | RM1 Hubert A. Price | LT R.L. Taylor |
CDR Willis M. ? | RM2 Charles G. Quinn | LT J.M. Lietwiler |
LCDR William T. Jones | RM1 Russell W. Rogers | ENS Ralph E. Cook |
LCDR Raymond S. Lamb | RM1 Joseph E. Smith | |
RM2 Lloyd T. Smith | ||
RM1 Arthur D. Swain | ||
RM1 Harold P. Waldum | ||
Y2 Leonard Bowers, Jr. | ||
CY Mack D. Jones | ||
Y1 Kenneth A. Boulier | ||
Y1 Grover C. Foster, Jr. | ||
Y2 William H. Tremblay | ||
Y2 James G. Broadbent | ||
Y3 Robert E. Dowd |
||
Y2 Frank B. Gonder |
||
LT JG J.K. Hess | ||
LT T.R. Mackie | ||
ENS L.L. Mackallor | ||
LT JG R.E. Veverka |
PORT DARWIN
ENS L.W. Waters
Y2c Robert A. Jamison
Y3c Ken. R. Herbert
Sea1c Wm. McGinley
Sea1c Robt. W Rohr
USS CHAUMONT GROUP
Y2c James W. Densford
Y2c Sanford H. Palmer
Y3c James H. Bell
Sea1c Henry Sewart, Jr.
Port Darwin personnel were added to the first Corregidor party to be evacuated. A group from the USS Chaumont was also added. However, two enlisted men, CY A.B. Anderson and Y3c J.A. Harrell, did not make the evacuation and nothing about them has been located.
Lieutenant Fabian and his second in charge, Lieutenant John ("Honest John") Lietwiler, shared a tiny office in "Monterey" Apartments and there was always one of them in the office at any time of the day or night.
Commander, later Captain, Eric Nave of the RAN cryptographic unit arrived at "Monterey" Apartments in February 1942. They had outgrown their cramped quarters at Melbourne's Victoria Barracks. A number of his unit were British code breakers who had escaped from Singapore before it was captured. Commander Nave was a very secretive and mysterious person. He did not get on well with Commander Long, the Director of Naval Intelligence, nor did he get on with Lieutenant Fabian.
Nave did not get along with most people, including Commander Jack Newman. However, Newman and Commander Fabian worked together famously. It is reported that Fabian requested the British to take back Nave on security grounds. A British officer came to Melbourne to investigate and tried to smooth things out but was unsuccessful. It is known that Newman also had difficulties with Nave and probably had something to do with the latters removal.
Commander Nave did not stay long with the combined Australian Navy/U.S. Navy operation in Melbourne, which was put under U.S. Navy control in mid-1942. He was sent to Central Bureau in mid-1942. Although he headed up the Solutions division there, most records indicate he only dealt with minor Japanese naval codes and simple substitution ciphers in spite of his Japanese language capability and long history with Japanese codes. Colonel Sinkov and his American staff worked on the high-level Japanese Army codes.
Some of Commander Nave's RAN staff included:-
Lieutenant Commander Jamieson
Professor Dale Trendall
Major Athanasius Treweek from the Greek Department of Sydney University
Eric Barnes
Jack Davies
Corporal Ronald Bond
Henry Archer - a British Foreign Office linguist from Singapore
Hubert Graves - a British Foreign Office linguist from Singapore
Arthur Cooper - a British Foreign Office linguist from Singapore
Trendall and Bond shared a flat on the 2nd floor on the Leopold Street side of the building. Arthur Cooper, a bit of an eccentric, had a pet gibbon (a small long-armed ape) called "Tertius" which he had smuggled into Australia. He took it everywhere he went.
The codebreakers at FRUMEL would receive intercepted IJN messages, which they would then decrypt and send on to the Commander of the Southwest Pacific Force (COMSOWESPACFOR). Their expertise in breaking codes was renowned. In mid 1942 an Australian officer from the Australian Army Cipher Production Unit located at nearby "Grosvenor" in Queens Road showed off his unbreakable code to Major Treweek at "Monterey". He was astounded when Treweek took only 24 hours to unravel his unbreakable code.
Each of the groups at "Monterey" worked very independently. Some people who knew each other never saw the other person the whole time they were based at "Monterey".
Beginning in January 1942, U.S. Navy stations in Hawaii (Hypo), Corregidor (Cast) and OP-20-G (Washington) began issuing formal intelligence decrypts far in advance of the U.S. Army or Central Bureau. FRUMEL in Australia obtained IBM equipment in 1942 to replace that which was left behind on Corregidor and employed it throughout their time in Melbourne.
Chief Warrant Officer Sidney Burnett was a radioman with FRUMEL in Melbourne. He was part of the last group of men to escape out of Corregidor on USS Seadragon (see above).
Sidney Burnett's first task at FRUMEL was to reassemble his old High-Frequency Direction Finder which had the designation DT (initially designated as an XAB-HRO). It had been taken from Corregidor to Java and then to Melbourne by the first group of men that escaped from Corregidor. Sidney Burnett was the direction-finding man on Corregidor and had operated that piece of equipment. The DT is a so-called walk-around high-frequency direction finder which comprises an antenna that revolves around a receiver. Sidney Burnett had helped to develop this equipment under Commander Safford back in 1937. Once the DT was operational, it was shipped to Exmouth Gulf.
Sidney Burnett was keen to get closer to the action and as such he was dying to be posted to the Radio Station at Adelaide River in the Northern Territory. Chief Warrant Officer Sidney Burnett and LTJG Keith (Keg) Goodwin selected the site for the new US Navy Fleet Radio Unit Radio Site at Adelaide River on 28 January 1943. The new site was operational by the end of March 1943.
Sidney Burnett helped to establish a number of forward intercept units including Adelaide River and Townsville which were both very successful. The station at Cooktown in north Queensland was not as successful. There were problems obtaining enough people and equipment to do the work. Plans for the intercept site at Cooktown began in July 1943. Personnel were finally sent to Cooktown in February 1944. They used receivers from the RAAF and a broken generator from Melbourne. Cooktown was a problem site as they ran out of food and water. They could not obtain a tank to pump water in, and the US Navy ships were too busy moving and supporting General Douglas MacArthur's campaigns.
FRUMEL moved out of "Monterey" Apartments in October 1944 and moved to nearby Area 1.
Photo:- via Joan O'Connor (ex Reilly)
Joan O'Connor, Ex WRAN, Monterey
Joan O'Connor, an ex WRAN Writer during WWII, was seconded by the US Navy to work with FRUMEL at "Monterey" Apartments. Joan has worked as a Guide at the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne. One of the ex WRANs that Joan had mentioned to me was Thora Edmunds.
Photo:- via Joan O'Connor (ex Reilly)
Annual Luncheon in 1997. All
except one (lady in blue) are ex WRANs who worked at Monterey during WWII.
Joan O'Connor is standing at the left. Lady in blue is Esme Melville,
Transport Driver ex Victoria Barracks.
Photo:- via Joan O'Connor (ex Reilly)
Victorian ex WRANs marching up the forecourt of the Shrine of Remembrance on Anzac Day 2000 in Melbourne
On 18 June 2001, I was contacted by Bill Price, a Battle of Midway historian. In the 1950s Bill worked at NSA where he knew CDR Ralph Cook and Agnes Driscoll. In 1955 or so, Ralph introduced Bill to Bill Tremblay who decrypted the Japanese Fleet Plan message for the attack on Midway. At that time Bill Tremblay was still living in Protem, Missouri, and Ralph Cook in Hawaii. Bill stated "unfortunately, FRUMEL has never received any recognition while at Melbourne or previously at Corregidor. I'm trying to gather that information to give them due credit." Bill Tremblay discovered the Yamamoto message at 11:30 PM on 20 May 1942.
Intercept
of the Yamamoto Message of 20 May 1942
by Bill Price
The Missing Key
to History
by Bill Price
Signal Intelligence Units in Australia during WW2
Did you work in FRUMEL?
If you did I'd like to hear from you.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I'd like to thank Philip H. Jacobsen, Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy (ret.) for his assistance with this home page. Philip is a researcher and writer for the Cryptolog and other cryptologic publications.
I'd also like to thank Joan O'Connor and Joyce Barker, ex WRANs, who both worked at Monterey.
I'd also like to thank Pic Berthier, Neil O'Connor and Bill Price for their assistance with this web page.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Maneski, Sharon A., "The Quiet Heroes of the Southwest Pacific Theater: An Oral History of the Men and Women of CBB and FRUMEL", 1996
Jenkins, David, "Battle Surface - Japan's Submarine War against Australia 1942 - 44", Random House Australia, 1992
Drea, Edward J., "MacArthurs Ultra
Spector, Ronald H., The Eagle and the Sun
Holmes, W.J., "Double Edged Secrets"
Prados, John, "Combined Fleet Decoded"
Layton, "And I Was There"
Can anyone help me with more information?
"Australia @ War" WWII Research Products
© Peter Dunn 2015 |
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This page first produced 14 November 2000
This page last updated 24 March 2022